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Investing for retirement | Accounting homework help

Homework Help
  • In the sphere of finance, it is said that “there is no free lunch”. The meaning of this expression is that higher return must be paid for by accepting higher risk.
  • In prior discussions, we have examined the behavioral concepts of loss aversion, savings as a loss, inertia, present self versus future self – these are some of the behavioral traits that discourage saving for the future.
  • But suppose we overcome all these behavioral barriers to savings, we then need to decide what to invest in.  Now, return varies with the category of investment – see below:

                           Average rate of return                              

Bank account                     2%

Government bond             3.5%

Corporate  bond                5.5%

REIT (real estate)                8%

S&P 500                              10%

Nasdaq 100                         15%

  • The plot below gives the outcome of investing $200/month ($2,400 per year) for 40 years in the respective index fund:

Plot of 40 year investing at different rates of return.png

  • If all were of equal risk, then obviously we should choose the Nasdaq 100 and obtain 15% returns. But the reality is that return reflects risk – see the plot below of the Nasdaq 100 index (pink top line), S&P 500 index (blue middle line) and bond index (green bottom line):

SPY_YahooFinanceChart SPY QQQ BND.png

  • In finance, we equate higher risk with higher volatility / movement of the asset price, so the Nasdaq 100 is considered the riskiest under standard theory. To see this, consider a pensioner who lives off of the return from their investment account; with the Nasdaq 100, their returns are in the range +/- 30%; with the S&P 500 they are in the range +/- 20%; and with the bond fund they are almost constant (reflecting constant coupon payments). Thus, for the pensioner (this will be you one day), higher average return comes with greater uncertainty / risk of year-to-year return.

Question:  looking at the above plots, which of the three index funds would you prefer to invest in over the next 40 years, for your long-term retirement account. Explain your choice, considering (a) your personal ability to tolerate risk and (b) your goal for retirement lifestyle.







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